Plant Anatomy (Practical)
These practical workouts were done by Papia PalSample 2B
The T.S. of the supplied specimen shows the following layers of tissues:
Fig: T.S. of the specimen “B”
Epidermis : (i) Both upper and lower epidermis are multiseriate ( 3 layered) and composed of isodiametric colourless parenchyma without any inter cellular space.
(ii) Both the epidermis are cuticularised.
(iii) A number of” sunken stomata “ are present on the lower epidermis.
(iv) Numerous trichomes develop from border cells and these are projected within the stomatal pits.
Mesophyll : (i) Multiseriate upper and lower palisade parenchyma are present without any inter cellular space.
(ii) Spongy parenchyma are located in between the palisade parenchyma with air spaces.
(iii) A few calcium oxalate crystals are scattered within the mesophyll tissue.
Vascular bundles: (i) Vascular bundles are collateral and closed .
(ii) Xylems are on the upper sides and phloem on the lower sides of each bundle.
(iii) Each bundle is surrounded by bumble sheaths.
Adaptive anatomical features:
(i) Sunken stomata present on lower epidermis.
(ii) Stomatal pits have numerous trichomes to reduce loss of water.
( iii) Calcium oxalate crystals are present as excretory products.
(iv) Both epidermis are multiseriate and cuticularised.
Identification:
(i) Presence of stomata on lower epidermis.
(ii) Mesophyll tissue are of two types : palisade and spongy.
(iii) Vascular bundles collateral and closed.
Hence, the supplied specimen is a “ dorsiventral dicot leaf with xerophytic adaptive features.
Specimen no: 2 (B)
Date 12/08/2025
In T.S. the following tissue are observed under microscope:
Fig: T.S. of supplied specimen
Epidermis: (i) Single layered and chlorenchymatous.
(ii) There is no cuticle on epidermis.
(iii) Epidermal cell walls are thin.
Cortex : (i) Cortex is wide.
(ii) Parenchyma tissue cell wall is thin.
(iii) Large air cavities are found in the cortex.
(iv) Endodermis distinct.
Vascular bundles: (i) Simple, concentric and closed.
(ii) The single central xylem is surrounded by phloem tissue.
(iii) Xylem is poorly developed.
(iv) Phloem composed sieve tube elements.
Pith : Absent.
Adaptive features and identifying features:
(i) Vascular bundle is single,simple and closed.
(ii) Development in xylem is very poor.
(iii) Mechanical tissue absent.
(iv) Stomata absent.
(v) No cuticle on the epidermis.
(vi) Many large sized air cavities are present at the cortex.
So, the supplied specimen is identified as a monocot stem with hydrophytic adaptation.
Specimen no 2B ….(iii)
Date : 12/08/2025
The T.S. of the supplied specimen shows the following tissue:
Fig: T.S.of the specimen
Epidermis: (i) Single layered, parenchymatous , without any cuticle.
(ii) Multicellular hairs present on the epidermis.
Cortex: (i) Two layered thick walled hypodermis is present just inner to the epidermis.
(ii) Inner ground tissue is thin- walled parenchymatous with air- chambers.
(iii) Branched trichosclerides with calcium oxalate deposits are present in air- cavities.
Vascular bundles: (i) Poorly developed.
(ii) Sizes are different and scattered within the ground tissue.
(iii) Each vascular bundle is collateral, closed with ill developed xylem.
(iv) Smaller vascular bundles have 1 patch of phloem and larger ones have 2 patches of phloem.
Pith: absent.
Adaptive anatomical features/ identifying features:
(i) Epidermal cell wall thin, parenchymatous and without cuticle.
(ii) Air chambers are scattered on the ground tissue.
( iii) Trichosclerides present in the ground tissue.
Hence, the supplied specimen is identified as Nymphea petiole with xerophytic adaptive features.
Specimen no : 2 B……iv
Anatomy:
Epidermis : Single layered without cuticle.
Cortex : (i) Aerenchymatous.
(ii) Air spaces are separated by single layered partitions.
(iii) One or two layers of parenchyma just below the epidermis and outer to the endodermis without any airspace.
(iv) Endodermis and pericycle are indistinct.
Mechanical tissue: (i) Absent.
(ii) A few xylem elements are present towards the centre.
(iii) Xylem is replaced by a cavity at the centre.
(iv) Phloem is well developed and formed of sieve tube and companion cells.
Adaptive features:
Morphological:
(i) Absence of root hair.
(ii) Leaves are thin, linear, small and narrow.
(iii) Stem is fistular and herbaceous.
(iv) Presence of mucilage cover on the plants.
Anatomical:
(i) Epidermis without cuticles.
(ii) Presence of extensive air spaces in the cortex for storage of air.
(iii) Poorly developed mechanical tissue.
(iv) Absence of water conducting tissue( xylem).
Hence, the specimen is identified as a plant with hydrophytic adaptive features.
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