Life Science(Biology)

      Stem cutting is the simplest way of artificial vegetative plant propagation in which 4"--30" long stem piece with two nodes  is cut off just below the leaf-node and transferred to rooting media , after which planted with new roots .    Stem are of four types: (i) Hardwood cuttings    (a) Mature hardwood of woody species is selected as mother plant.    (b)  Season : Late fall to early spring for deciuous plants and late fall to late winter for evergreen plants .    (c) Stem length : 4"--30" in case of deciduous plants and 4"--8" in case of evergreen plants.   For deciuous plants cuttings may be of mallet   , heel  or straight  .      In straight only the reguired stem is cut off . A mallet is the required stem with short section of older stem but in heel entire section of old wood is kept .  e.g. Roses, Apple,Pear, Thuja etc. (ii) Semi-hardwood cuttings   (a) Stem is s...

Unit l 1. Define saltatory conduction .                                                 2, 2016,2019 2. Two important properties of reflex action .      3, 2016 3. Origin, course, termination of Gall and Burdech tract.  5, 2016                       ************** 4 What is Oligodendroglia ? Mention its function .   1+2 ,2016 5 Define chronaxic & rheobase . 1+1, 2016 6. Histological structre of skin with labeled diagram.        5, 2016                        ************** 7. What is EPP & MEPP ? 1+1, 2016 8. Differentiate between synaptic  and neuromuscular junction .   3, 2016 9. What is neurotransmitter ? Name two amino acids that acts as neurotransmitter.       ...

  The imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the human body results in oxidative stress.   Oxidative stress and benifits : * During exercise free radicals formed in high amount  which resulted in temporary oxidative stress   in the muscle . These free radicals regulate tissue growth and also stimulate antioxidant production.   * Mild oxidative stress protect us from many infections & diseases.    Oxidative stress and harmful activities: * Inflamations:  When there is any bacterial infection macrophages involved in the  fight with the microbes   release free radicales which damage healthy cells to cause inflammation. If there is any kind of oxidative stress during inflammation it causes more release of free radicals to make further oxidative stress & if it is in chronic state then results in diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, arthritis ,etc. *Neurodegeneration & oxidative stress:    Generally ...

(1)Define  cistron .         Cistron  is a segment of DNA coding for a polypeptide .        (It is a segment of DNA containing the genetic information for the sequence of amino acids of a  polypeptide chain i.e. the blueprint of a protein is actually stored in DNA as a cistron). (2)Define  intron and exon .           In Eukaryotes, the structural gene is monocistronic and coding sequences are interrupted by intervaining sequences.       Coding sequences are expressed as exons and intervaining sequences  are expressed as introns in pre -mRNA/ hn RNA during transcription process .Introns are excised by spliceosome at  processing time and only exons are appeared  and joined to make a mature/processed RNA.  The monocistronic structural genes are also known as  split gene. (3)  Define transcription .         The process of copying/transfer of g...

(1)  *What is neurotransmitter?        * Name 2 amino acids act as transmitter agents .       2+(1+1),2016 (2) Write down the biosynthetic pathway of ACh .                           3, 2017 (3) Name 1 exeitatory and 1 inhibitory neurotransmitter.            1+1, 2017 (4) Name 2 inhibitory neurotransmitter and 1 chemical agent that blocks neuromuscular transmission .   1+1, 2015 (5) What is Serotonin? State its role as a neurotransmitter .                        1+2,2018          Neurotransmitters  are the chemical substances released at  the nerve endings to transmit nerve impulse to a muscle fibre / postsynaptic neurone/a gland from the presynatic neurone .       A few neurotransmitters : (1) Biogenic amines     ...

(1) What is Neuroglia ?Mention its function .                      5+2=7,2017 Neuroglia is the supporting/interstitial and insulating tissue present in the both the grey and white matter of Central Nervous System (CNS) and composed of three types of cells : (1) Astrocytes                        *Fibrous and                        *Protoplasmic  (2) Oligodendroglia or       Oligodendrocyte and (3) Microglia .     Number of neuroglia is 10--15 times than the neurones of CNS. Astrocytes    (i) Star shaped cells with many radiating cytoplasmic processes. (ii)Fibrous types have more intermediate filaments and present in white matter . (iii) Protoplasmic types are resent on the grey matter . (iv) Cytoplasmic processes may attach to capillaries , neurones and synapse . ...

Paper lll ,FM..40,Time..2 hours Ans any 4, selecting 2 from each unit            Unit....l 1 (a) Define Systematics.    (b) What do you mean by binomial      nomenclature ? Give one example .    (c) What is Linnaean Hierarchy? Discuss biological species concept in short .                                       2+(2+1)+(2+3)=10 2 (a) Define adaptation .What do you mean by secondary aquatic adaptation?    (b) Describe the structural and  physiological adaptations in Camel.                                         (2+2)+(3+3)=10 3. Write short notes on / Answer any two of the following:.   5X2=10 (a) Bayesian and Mullerian mimicry with examples (b) Classify Phylum Annelida upto subclass with examples. (c)Pre-zyg...

Kiwi........................    Australian realm Emu.............. .........              Do Ornithorhyanchus....              Do Ant eater.................              Do Kangaroo................              Do Flying Opossum.....               Do Sphenodon..............               Do Rhinoceros unicornis..... Oriental realm Spectacle monkey......          Do Indian Elephants.........          Do Zebra....................      Ethiopian realm Gorilla...................                  Do Antilope.................                 Do Two horned rhino.              ...

 Zoological nomenclature is independent of other system of nomenclature . The scientific name of species level is binomial and trinomial in subspecies level. (1) Generic name and specific names are used in binomial system...Generic is at first then Specific ; if hand written ..must be  underlined separately, if printed.. must be italics . (2)  The Generic epithet starts with capital latter and rest small , in specific epithet no any capital letter is there . (3) Spefic epithet endind in *___i in masculine *___a/_e in feminine  *___um/__us in neuter gender . (4) Spefic epithet end with.. * _i/_ii/_ae if based on person *_ensis/__iensis if based on geographical places .

A camel modified its different body parts to adapt ot in loose sandy soil : (1) Modification of toe....  Toe is fingure nail like in front which help in easy walk on loose sand . (2) Presence of large foot pad.... leathery foot pads are broad which help a camel to disperse body weight evenly on wider surface area over the sand , it helps not to sink in loose sand . (3) Elasticity of foot pad helps in easy walking on sand . (4) Long legs hold the body far above the hot sandy surface , it also helps to easy capturing of  high canopy . (5) Long eyelashes   and thin slit  closable nostrils and tuft of hairs inside the ears   prevent the entry of blowing sand . Presence of hairs in nose hold water vapour while a camel exhel , which again reabsorbed to prevent water loss . (6) Thick eyebrow acts as a shield to prevent the eye from hot sunlight . (7) Upper lip is splitted for easy detection of food as well as easy prehension when browsing . (8) Presence of ...

          What is volant adaptation?           A few animals exhibit dual adaptive modificatione ----one to explore in air and the other for the terrestrial or for aquatic environment , such a dual adaptation is called volant adaptation .         State the morpholoical adaptation of bat /chiroperian. (1) A patagiaum or alar membrane is formed in a bat for flying .    (i) A thin membrane is extended from the neck to fore limb  by adding it's neck with humerus , radius & ulna ;  by forming inter digital membrane except digit 1 of forelimb and skin extented both side of the body connecting fore limb to hind limb.    (ii) Except digit 1 and carpals all other bones of fore limb extended in length .    (iii) Metacarpals of digit 2,3,4& 5 grow in length to hold patagium .    (iv) Third digit of forelimb is clawed .     (v) Sternum is modified . (...

(1) Allopetric Speciation .     Speciation means the formation of new species . If a polulation of a species is seperated by extrinsic Physiographic or Geographical Barriers into two or more populations and over time the organisms adapt themselves in the new environment and if there is no any gene flow between these newly isolated populations then the organisms will never breed to each other in future ,  thus new species generated and  the phenomenon is termed as the      Allopatric Speciation  and the newly formed species are called Allopetric.   It means the geographic isolation is turned into reproductive isolation to make allopatric species .     Types: Allopetric Seciation are of two types : # Vicariant speciation:  When a large & widely distributed population is splitted into different populations due to any kind of extrinsic barriers , or if a group migrated into a far place and the intermediate members became extinc...

  The vertical distribution of plants of different height in a forest ecosystem is called as stratification.   The vertical structure of a forest onsists of the following 3 layers:   (1) Tree layers                   It is again divided into canopy & understory.   (2) Shrub layers   (3) Herb layers   (4) Forest floor                 It is again divided into moss layer & Root layer. # Tree layer: (i) This layer ranges from 5 mt to 45 mt in height . (ii) It is mainly made u of top stratum i.e. phnerophytes (flowering trees). (iii) Canopy  is formed by the crowns of the adjacent trees . (iv)When any individual tree overcome the canopy, then the emergent layer is formed. (v)   The Understory    layer is formed by those trees whose height is in between the height of Canopy and shrubs .  Tree layer plays an important role in forest ecosystem ...

        A few bats are  heterotherm , because , they may act as  poikilothermic  during hibernation/ roosting ; or or at active state   homeothermic  . It maintains a  few  number of physiological adaptations  which are as follows: (1) Adaptations in circulatory system:   (i) Bat's heart is 3 times larger in size as compared to other terrestrial mammal of the same relative size , hence , it pumps more oxygen when in flight . (ii)The heart rate in a microbat is about 1000 beats/min when active , but it may be reduced to minimum level during its hibernation time . It also increased at the onset of flight also. (iii) It increases Hb concentration when active . (iv) The venomotion  is strong to maintain the flow of deoxygenated blood to the left auricle . (v)    Patagium membrane is extreamly thin  , it's surface area is 85% of total body surface area and the subcutaneous blood vessels are very c...

Oriental Realm Geographical Area:        Most of Asian countries .....India ,  Burma (Mayanmar) ,Indo-China i.e. Vietnam ,Laos & Cambodia , Malay of yodsys Malaysia,  Filipines , Islands of Indonesia like Java, Bali& Borneo . Climate:        Temperate         Annual rainfall : More than 1500 mm. Ecology  :        Dense rain forest in Eastern part,        Desert in Weastern part,        Moderate forest in other parts. Sub-regions with some fauna  : (1) Indian ..................Sloth, Chousingha,                                        Black buck, Antilope (2 Ceylonese........... Loris, Spring rat,                                Shield tails (3) Indo-Chinese..... Pand...

            If animals of close relation (family, genus or specie) are distributed far away from each other in a few localised area are termed  Discontinuously distributed and such  animals are termed as "Relics of the Past" , because once their distribution was worldwide .          According to P.J.Darlington the main causes of discontinous distribution  of the animals are as follows: (i) by reaching the oceanic islands across the water.                 P.B.Weitz (1966) suggested that animals migrated from landmass to the islands or vice versa  by floating ice, log of wood, clinging mud on bird's claw,etc. and these agents are termed as sweeps take bridges. (ii) by the submergence of the landmass in between the ranges .           Weitz termed a  narrow bridge which once connected two continents as  filter  bridge . There was a filter...

Questions (1) What is Hierarchy?.......1/2016TU,2018 (2)What are the obligatory categories used in Linnaean Hierarchy ?...2+2/2016TU (3)Discuss the present status of Hierarchical Classification ....5/2016TU (4) Discuss on Linnaean Hierarchy citing example of all taxa in man.....5/2018TU             Hierarch= a series or succession of different ranks.So, in Systematics  the term Hierarchy   is a method of arrangement of categories and taxa in an ascending order so that a higher category includes one or more lower category/categories .       Linnaean Hierarchy & categories:       Linnaeus, 1758 first time documented a  definite hierarchy for animals in 10th Edn.of Systema Naturae  using only five categories , which are as follows: (A C ar O f G ood  S pice V arietas)        (The descending sequence)     C lassis         O rder       ...

(1) State four important features of Phylum Cnidaria .                           Mark 4   Hydra, Obelia,Adamsia ,etc belongs to the Phylum Cnidaria and exhibit the following important  general characters: (i) Body diploblastic :     #outer epidermal ectoderm   and     # inner gastrodermal endoderm.   In between these two germ layers mesoglea is present. (ii)   Gastrovascular cavity   or digestion cavity opens only by mouth (i.e.anus absent) which is encircled by tentacles. (iii) Nematocyst (stinging organelles) containing Cnidocyte cells are present in the body wall. (iv) A few member organisms show dimorphism : # Medusa ( sexual phase) for pelagic existance and #Polyp (asexual phase)for benthic existance . (2) Classify Phylum Cnidaria upto sub-class level.                        4 marks  Classi...

The term ecosystem was first coined by Sir Arthur George Tansley, 1935.  D efinition:  "The ecosystem is the basic  functional unit of organisms and their environment, interacting with each other and within their own components" ...E.P.Odum , 1971. Components of ecosystem An ecosystem consists of Biotic & Abiotic components . Biotic/Living components are Autotroph   and Heterotroph .     Autotroph  are generally  phytoplanktons,  photosynthetic bacteria(e.g.green sulphur bacteria),   chemosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Nitrosomonas)  and  green plants which prepare their own food(potential energy ).           Heterotrophs  consume products of autotrophs or decompose dead organic matters . On the basis of feeding habit consumers may be 1st order ,2nd order or 3rd order . (i) 1st order/ primary consumer : They are strictly herbivores and directly feed on the products of producers .e.g. rabbit...

Theory of Natural Selection  was credited to both Darwin and Wallace   because both of them worked on same principle ,but on seperate platforms though later on their works  published under joint authorship in 1859 .       Postulates of Darwinism : A.  Fact: l :Prodigality of production                ll. Constancy of food and space       Deduction:                Struggle for existence B. Fact l : Struggle for existence              ll : Omnipotence of variation among the individuals.       Deduction :                Survival of the fittest C. Fact : l: Survival of the fittest                ll: Operation of Natural Selection among the surviving individuals         Deduction:     ...

The modern theory of origin of species or evolution is the combination of Darwinism and Genetic Theory as well as the out come of mutationists , biometricians, naturalists, geneticists , experimental biologists ; and known as the synthetic theory of evolution .    According to George Ledyard Stebbins five basic factors of organic evolution are (1)  gene mutation, (2)  chromosomal abberations, (3). genetic recombination, (4)  natural selection and (5). reproductive isolation.             Factors 1,2 and 3 provide genetic variability  ;4 and 5 give direction to the evolution. Migration and imigration   of an individual from a population to another  and hybridisation between races or close species increase genetic variability . Natural selection and chance elimination of alleles remove genes from gene pool during sexual reproduction.Genes of a gene pool are continuously reshuffled by genetic recombination. Alteratio...

                    Honey bees are highly social or eusocial   because they express  following three levels of characteristics in the bee hive: (1) Reproductive Division of Labour: In a colony all bees are ron-reproductive  and engaged in the growth , maintanance and defence of the colony except the queen (the fertile female). (2) Cooperative brood care :  Queen's offsprings are cared by workers . (3) Overlapping generation : A perrenial queen coexist with  offsprings i.e.workers & drones of new generations. Social structure: Out of 50,000 to 80,000 bees of a bee-hive only one is reproductive female i.e. the queen , a few hundreds are drones (males) and rest are workers (non-replicative males). Queen :  She lays 1 --200/day or 15 lakh eggs during the life time . At old age the queen  as well as pheromones turns weak and a new queen is raised by swarming . Drones : They live only to mate th...

   Name different zoo-geographical realms, their constituent countries and areas.   What is Wallace's line?       (5+1),TU,2016    The world is divided into some  realms /regions , on the basis of presence and absence of many organisms .      Alfred Russel Wallace in 1876 edited P.L.Sclater's division of 1857 (on the basis of distribution of birds ) by  including terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates .      The six realms are: (1) Palaearctic realm  : Geographical Area :  Europe, Nothern part of Africa , Asian Himalaya and Nan ling range of China . (2) Nearctic realm: Geographical Area :   On north : Entire North America , On South : Upto Upper Mexico, On East : Greenland and On West : Aleutian islands (3) Neotropical realm : Geographical Area : South  America , Central America , Lower Mexico and West Indies except Trinidad and Tobago. (4) Ethiopean realm: Geographical Area...

The Bipolar Distribution of animals is the spread over of same species,genus or family in the  Arctic and Antarctic regions of Northern and Southern hemispheres with a gap between the two i.e. with no same members in the tropics . e.g. (i) Coelenterates : Botrynema,Lampta, Grammaria, Myriothela (ii) Molluscs: Limacina helicina , Clione (iii) Ascadian : Didemnus albidum (iv) Fishes :Oncorhynchus (Pacific Salmon), Lamma cornubica( Shark) (v) Birds : Aptenodytes (Penguin) (vi) Mammals : Balaenoptera musculus ( Blue whale) , Callorhinus (Seal), Caribou, etc.           There are several theories regarding bipolar distribution of animals , and three of them are: Migration theory : According to this today's polar animals once migrated from tropical and intermediate zone . Extinction theory : Polar animals once originated from cosmopolitan group , then distributed from one pole to another and at last disappeared from the tropical and sub-tropical region . Ice-...

A possible isolating mechanism (e.g. physical , biological , ecological,etc.) which prevents the dispersion or spreading of living organisms on earth is considered as a barrier . Types of barriers: (1) Extrinsic   barriers : The barriers which works from outside of an individual's body of population are extrinsic .   These are of three types : Physiographic , Biotic & Climatic . Physiographic barriers :  Several natural , physical and geographical phenomenon act as barriers and result in irregular and discontinuous animal distribution on the earth .e.g. large water bodies, large land mass , desert , forest , mountain ranges, ice mass, atmospheric pressure, etc. e.g. (a) Dense forest of Mexico prevented the distribution of elephants ( Elephas & Mastodons ) from North America to South America during Pleistocene period . (b) Heterosomata  is deep sea dweller and never come up due to low pressure . Biotic barriers:  A large no of organisms are food specific ...