Complementary Genes

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Phytogeography Practical

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Phytogeography is the study of distribution of plant species and elucidation of origin of flora. The word " phytogeography" was derived from two Greek words 'Phyto = Plant' and ' Geografia= Geography '. It is controlled by evolution, climate,  and geographical barriers. Chorology, the mapping of plant boundary, is one of the important core principles of the study of plant distribution to decode the factors like evolution and environmental barriers which shape green footprint of our planet. D.Chatterjee in 1962 divided India into nine phytogeographical regions,viz.:- (1) Western Himalayas,(2) Eastern Himalayas, (3) Indus Plain ,(4) Gangetic Plain ,(5) Assam, (6) Central India, (7) Deccan ,(8) Malabar ,and (9) Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Geographical location,Type of vegetation, average rainfall, altitude, and two major plants of each regions are listed below:- Western Himalayas: Kashmir, Northern Punjab,Kumaon ranges of Uttranchal Subtr...
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Mushroom Cultivation

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A few important questions and answers for the students (1) What is spawn ?        Spawn is a fungal growth medium that already has mycelial fragments of mushroom which is used by the mushroom growers as inoculum. Fig. A packet of paddy straw mushroom spawn (2) What are the different types of spawn ? Mushroom spawns are of different types:- (i)  Natural spawn (ii) Milltrack spawn (iii) Brick spawn (iv) Flake spawn (vi) Tobacco spawn (vii) Grain spawn (3) Describe the method of spawning . Terrier (1945) first used wheat grain in spawning. Chang and Li, 1982 describe the following steps of grain spawning:- (i) Wheat grains are boiled first till it is half cooked, then water is drained off. (ii)To this 2% Calcium carbonate is mixed thoroughly. (iii) Then the mixture is transferred into glass tubes/ flasks. (iv)After plugging with non-absorbent cotton the mixture is autoclaved at 121°C for 30 minutes. (v) After cooling down to 30°C - 40°C , gr...
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Morphology of Angiosperms# Inflorescence

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   An inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on an floral axis (rachis=a long simple or branched peduncle; peduncle= the main axis of an inflorescence ) of a plant .    All inflorescence are mainly grouped into three types:  (i) Racemose/ indefinite / indeterminate :the main axis or rachis continues to grow indefinitely  having terminal apical bud (not floral bud ) and flowers produce acropetally (from lower to upper on the axis). (ii) Cymose/definite/determinate : the main axis ends in a flower at early stage and rest flowers open basipetally (from upper to lower on the axis). (iii) Mixed: an infloresence having both of racemose and cymose characters . (A) Types of Racemose inflorescence Main axis / peduncle is not branched  . (a) The peduncle is vertically elongated: 1. Raceme: all flowers pedicellate/stalked and length of all pedicels are equal . e.g.  Radish  ( Raphanus sativus ), mustard ( Brassica nigra )  of ...
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